ʻO ke aniani kahiko o Kina: He kenekulia o ka Archaeology E kākau hou i ka ʻike, ua hiki i ka Zhou Dynasty ke hana i ke aniani

I ka wā e pili ana i ke aniani, ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻia he nui ka poʻe Kina e mihi nui ana, no ka mea, ua hiki iā ʻAigupita kahiko, ʻAsia Komohana a me ʻEulopa ke hana i ke aniani no ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai ʻo Kina me he mea lā ua hana ia mea i nā moʻokūʻauhau Ming a me Qing. Ma muli o ka laulā o nā hoʻohana ʻana o ke aniani, hoʻolālā mau kekahi poʻe kākau moʻolelo huakaʻi manawa i nā hana hoʻopunipuni e loaʻa kālā ai ma ka hana ʻana i ke aniani i ka wā kahiko.

Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i ʻike nui ʻia ua hōʻike ka ʻeli honua i ke kenekulia i hala aku nei ʻaʻole hiki iā Kina kahiko ke hana i ke aniani wale nō, akā i ka wā mua o ka Zhou Dynasty. I waena o lākou, aia nō hoʻi Aniani moakaka nā huahana i loaʻa i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu o ka ʻohana Cao Cao a me ka Luakini Famen ma Shaanxi i ka wā o ka Tang Dynasty. A laila, e kamaʻilio kākou e pili ana i ke aniani Kina kahiko ma o ʻekolu mau hihia archaeological. Hoʻokomo pū ʻia ke aniani me ke aniani kahiko, akā ʻaʻole ia e pili wale i ke aniani.

ʻO ka mea mua, ua hiki i ka Zhou Dynasty ke hana i ke aniani

ʻAʻole pohihihi ka puka ʻana mai o ke aniani, akā, he hopena ia o nā hana hana ipu lepo a me nā hana hao, kahi i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hana ʻia i mau huahana aniani pili. I waena o lākou, ʻo ka hao kahi hopena o ka hana ʻana i nā ipu lepo.

Ma muli o ke aniani he mea amorphous me kahi ʻano paʻa ʻole, he ʻokoʻa ia mai nā mea crystalline e like me nā pōhaku makamae maoli a me ka jade. No laila, ʻaʻole maopopo nā koi mahana o ka umu, akā he plasticity kona i loko o kahi pae mahana. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe netizens hiki i ke Komohana ke hana i ke aniani, a no laila ke kuhi nei hiki i ka mahana o ka umu ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka hao puaʻa, he hewa ia.

I ka wā mua o ka Xia Dynasty, ua hiki mua ka mahana o ka umu ahi ma Kina i 1200 degere Celsius, a hiki ke puhi ʻia ka porcelain mua. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻoihana ipu lepo ma Kina kahiko, a ua hoʻomohala maikaʻi ʻia hoʻi ka ʻoihana keleawe ma ka Shang Dynasty. No laila, ʻaʻole ia he mea maʻamau no ka poʻe Kina kahiko ke hiki ke hana i ke aniani, ʻoiai ʻo nā huahana aniani mua loa i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā i ka wā o Zhou Dynasty. Ma ke kiʻi ma luna, ua loaʻa iā Kina ka ʻenehana metallurgy seramika holomua, e pili ana i ka hoʻolālā umu ahi holomua a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka mahana umu hoʻomehana kiʻekiʻe a like.

Ua ʻeli ʻia ma mua o 100 mau momi aniani maka dragonfly no ke aniani sodium calcium silicate mai ka hale kupapaʻu o Zeng Houyi ma Suizhou, Hubei. No laila, manaʻo ka nui o nā kānaka akamai ua hoʻomaka ka maka dragonfly o Zeng Houyi mai ʻĀsia Komohana. Akā ma mua o nā momi aniani o Zeng Houyi, Kina ua loaʻa mua ke aniani, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ke aniani ma luna o ka mōʻī pahi kaua o King Goujian o Yue, nona ke aniani potassium calcium silicate kū hoʻokahi o Kina kahiko.

Ma hope o ka wā o nā Moku'āina Kaua, ua hana ʻo Kina i kahi ʻano aniani kūikawā i kapa ʻia ʻo ke aniani lead barium silicate, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo "lead barium glass", kahi i ʻike ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana aniani kūikawā loa ma Kina kahiko. Ma luna o 110 mau hale kupapaʻu Chu ma Changsha, Hunan, ua ʻeli ʻia ma mua o 130 mau ʻāpana jade glazed, me ka cong, ke apo, ka bead, a me ka tube. I waena o lākou, he hapalua moakaka ka jade glazed a hana ʻia me ke aniani barium lead.

No laila, ʻaʻole he mea hana Komohana ke aniani, a ʻo Changsha kekahi o nā wahi mua loa i hana i ke aniani. He ʻokoʻa loa ke aniani barium kēpau i hana ʻia mai ke aniani sodium calcium ma ke Komohana. I waena o lākou, ʻo ke kumu i ʻole ai ʻo Kina he aniani sodium calcium e pili ana i ka nele o nā mea maka sodium carbonate kūlohelohe (soda lehu kūlohelohe) no nā mea fluxing e pili ana, a ʻaʻohe pili iki me ka ʻenehana.

Mai ka makahiki 1974 a i ka makahiki 1977, ma ka Hale Kupapaʻu ʻo Cao Clan ma Bozhou, ma ka Panalāʻau ʻo Anhui, ma kahi o 170 AD, ua ʻeli ʻia ʻelima o nā aniani convex pālahalaha mua loa o ka honua me ke aniani hana. Ua ʻānai ʻia kekahi o nā kihi i ka ʻōpala keleawe, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokomo ʻia paha kēia mau aniani i loko o nā mōlina keleawe.

E pili ana i kēia mau aniani ʻelima, hōʻike nā noiʻi pili: ʻo ka mea mua, he kiʻekiʻe ko lākou transparency, me nā pehu liʻiliʻi wale nō i loko, a me nā hopena hoʻonui a me ka nānā ʻana maikaʻi loa, e hōʻike ana ua aʻo ka poʻe kahiko i nā ʻenehana hana holomua a me kekahi ʻike optical; ʻO ka lua, kuhikuhi ka ʻatikala noiʻi na Li Can lāua ʻo Ma Yanru he ʻokoʻa ke ʻano kemika mai ke aniani soda lime Komohana, a ua loaʻa ka ʻenehana puhi ʻana mai ka ʻenehana keramika mua, e hoʻoholo ana ua hana ʻia ma Kina.

I ka manawa like, ma hope o ka Eastern Han Dynasty, ua loli hou ke ʻano o ke aniani Kina. ʻAʻole i kaulana hou ke aniani barium silicate kēpau, akā ua puka mai kekahi ʻano aniani kū hoʻokahi i Kina, ʻo ia hoʻi ke aniani silicate kēpau kiʻekiʻe, ka mea i lilo mālie i mea nui o ka hana lima ʻia. Aniani ma Kina.

ʻO ke kolu, ke kīʻaha aniani o ka Luakini ʻo Famen i ka wā o ka Tang Dynasty

Ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke ʻano moakāka a me ka ʻālohilohi o ke aniani silicate alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe, a hiki nō hoʻi ke puhi ʻia. No laila, ma hope o kahi manawa o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻenehana, ua lilo ia i mea kaulana i ka wā o nā moʻokūʻauhau Tang a me Song, a ʻo nā kīʻaha aniani ʻo Famen Temple kekahi o lākou.

I ka makahiki 1987, ma ka Luakini ʻo Famen ma Fufeng, Baoji, Shaanxi, ua ʻeli ʻia kekahi kīʻaha kī aniani a me kahi pā kī mai ka lumi hope o kona hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua. He moakāka ke kīʻaha kī me kahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo iki, a he mau pehu liʻiliʻi i hoʻolaha ʻia ma nā paia. Ua like nā paia o loko a me waho me he laumania a hou.

Ma ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Famen, ua ʻeli ʻia he 20 mau huahana aniani, he 18 o ia mau mea he kaila ʻĀkia Komohana, akā ʻo nā kīʻaha kī a me nā pā kī he mea kū hoʻokahi loa ia no Kina a no nā huahana aniani i hana ʻia e Kina.

ʻO ka ʻatikala "ʻAʻole paha ʻoe i ʻike he aniani nō hoʻi ma Kina kahiko" i ʻōlelo ʻia e Global Network Finance and Science Popularization China e kuhikuhi ana he aniani silicate alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe kēia, akā he mea ʻino loa ke aniani silicate alakaʻi kiʻekiʻe i nā ipu hoʻoheheʻe. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka potassium oxide e pani i kekahi oxide alakaʻi e hana i ke aniani silicate alakaʻi potassium, a "ua kaulana loa kēia ʻano aniani mai ka waena a hiki i ka hopena o Tang Dynasty a hiki i ka Song Dynasty

I waena o lākou, he nui nā mea aniani i loaʻa i ka Song Dynasty, e like me nā nane aniani, nā skewers hua waina aniani, nā mea hana i ke ʻano o ke kolu o ka lā, nā mea hana i ke ʻano o ka hua manu, nā kui lauoho aniani, a me nā kui lauoho aniani.

Ma keʻano holoʻokoʻa, ma mua o ka Yuan Dynasty, ʻaʻole hiki iā Kina ke hana i nā ʻano huahana aniani like ʻole, akā ua hoʻomohala pū i kekahi mau ʻano aniani kūikawā, ʻaʻole i emi iho i ke Komohana holoʻokoʻa. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia hoʻi ka Buke o Wei he "ʻōlinolino i ʻoi aku ka nani o nā huahana aniani kūloko i kēlā manawa ma mua o nā mea mai ke Komohana". Inā mākou e nānā iā ia mai ka manaʻo o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻohana hou ʻana, ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o Kina ma mua o ke Komohana. Ma hope o ka Yuan Dynasty, ua hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻoihana hana aniani o Kina, akā ʻaʻole a hiki i ka wā ma hope o ka Industrial Revolution i hāʻule maoli ai ma hope o ke Komohana.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha hiki ke hana ʻia ke aniani ma Kina kahiko. Ma hope o nā mea a pau, ua lohe ka poʻe he nui i ke "aniani kala". He ʻano aniani kala ke aniani. No laila, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻohe ʻepekema ʻeli honua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ke aniani kala i loko o nā puke kahiko, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike hiki ke hana ʻia ke aniani ma Kina kahiko. Akā, ʻo ka mea kupanaha, no ke aha i hoʻomanaʻo ai ka poʻe he nui ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ke aniani ma Kina kahiko, a ma hope wale nō o ka hiki ʻana mai o nā misionari Komohana hiki iā Kina? He mea weliweli loa kēia nīnau ke noʻonoʻo ʻia.