Nā Aniani Papa Waiwai Lahui: Mahalo a me ka Wehewehe Kikoʻī o ka Hale Kūʻai Hōʻiliʻili ʻEli ʻia

ʻO nā kīʻaha aniani kahiko piha i ʻeli ʻia ma Kina ua hoʻohana ʻia i mau mea kanu i loko o nā pahu kupapaʻu, a me nā ipu relic a me nā mōhai i loko o nā relic Buddhist e like me nā pagoda, nā luakini, nā hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua, a i ʻole nā ​​​​hale aliʻi lani. Mai ka hoʻolauna ʻana o ka Buddhism, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi pilina nui me ke aniani mai ka hoʻomaka ʻana, a he kūlana kūikawā ko ke aniani i ka Buddhism.

Ipu aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai ka leka pōhaku pagoda Buddhist ʻĀkau Wei ma Dingzhou, Panalāʻau ʻo Hebei

ʻO ka huaʻōlelo Sanskrit no "aniani" ʻo ia hoʻi ka pōhaku makamae polū, ʻo ia hoʻi ke kala polū hohonu o kahi pōhaku makamae. E like me ke kala o ka polū lani, me ke ʻano aniani moakaka, ua moakaka ka ʻili a me loko, a ua hoʻokō ka loko a me waho kekahi i kekahi. ʻO Medicine Buddha ka Buddha o ka Honua Aniani Maʻemaʻe Hikina. Hoʻohana ka Buddhism i ka moakaka o ke kukui aniani e wehewehe i ka maikaʻi o Buddha, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Medicine Buddha ʻo ka Eastern Medicine Buddha o ke Kukui Aniani Maʻemaʻe.

ʻōmaʻomaʻo māmā wāwae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻAhahui Tang Nā kīʻaha aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā ana ʻo Senmushem ma Kuche, Xinjiang

Ma ke ʻano he hoʻomana, ʻo ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka manaʻoʻiʻo ka mea nui loa. I mea e huki ai i ka manaʻo o ka poʻe manaʻoʻiʻo a hoʻolaha i ka Dharma, hoʻoikaika pinepine nā mōneka e hana hou a lawe mai i nā manaʻo hou, nā hana kuʻuna, nā kuhikuhipuʻuone, a me nā mea hana lima. No ke ola ʻana me ke aniani, ʻoi aku ka ʻino o ka make. ʻO Sheli kahi unuhi Sanskrit mua o nā iwi ʻuhane a i ʻole nā ​​koena o Buddha. Wahi a ka "Book of Wei: Shi Lao Zhi" o ka Northern Qi Dynasty, ma hope o ka hala ʻana o Buddha, ua puhi ʻia ka lāʻau ʻala a ua haki ʻia nā iwi ʻuhane i mau ʻāpana, ʻo kēlā me kēia liʻiliʻi e like me ka hua. ʻAʻole lākou i hōʻino ʻia i ka wā i hahau ʻia ai, ʻaʻole hoʻi i puhi ʻia, a he hopena akua mālamalama paha. Ua kapa ʻia lākou ʻo "Sheli" ma ka lapuwale.

Inā paha he mau mea hoʻomanaʻo o ke kino maoli a i ʻole nā ​​mea pani, he mau mea nui lākou no nā mōhai a me nā mea kapu, a pono e mālama ʻia kēia mau mea kapu i loko o nā ipu makamae loa. ʻO nā ipu hoʻomanaʻo i loko o nā pagoda Buddhist kahiko ma India a me Asia Waena ua hana ʻia me nā mea e like me ka ipu lepo, ka lāʻau, ka metala, ka pōhaku, a me ke aniani. Eia naʻe, ma Kina, ua puka mai nā ipu hoʻomanaʻo i hana ʻia me ke aniani. ʻElua mau kumu no kēia: ʻo ka mua, i ka wā kahiko, he mea kakaikahi a makamae ke aniani i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke gula; ʻo ka lua, he aniani moakaka ke aniani a he palupalu loa, e kūpono loa ana no ka mālama ʻana a me ka hōʻike ʻana.

Nā momi aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai nā leka pōhaku pagoda Buddhist ʻĀkau Wei ma Dingzhou, Panalāʻau ʻo Hebei

I kēia manawa, ʻo ke kahua hale kiaʻi kahiko loa ma Kina ʻo ia ka Northern Wei Buddhist Pagoda Site ma Dingzhou, Hebei Province. Ma ka lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia o kēia kahua hale kiaʻi, aia kahi ʻeke pōhaku huinaha me kahi uhi luna mai ka makahiki ʻelima o Taihe (481 AD). I loko o ka ʻeke, aia kekahi mau mea makamae i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻohana aliʻi ʻo Northern Wei, me ʻehiku mau ipu aniani a me nā tausani o nā mea hoʻonaninani aniani e like me nā paipu a me nā momi.

Nā ʻōmole aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo mai ka ʻAhahui Sui i ʻeli ʻia mai ke kahua hale kiaʻi o ka Luakini ʻo Qingchan ma Xi'an

Ua ʻeli ʻia mai ke kumu o ka Luakini ʻo Qingchan ma Xi'an, he ʻōmole aniani ʻōmaʻomaʻo me ka ʻāʻī lahilahi a me ka ʻōpū poepoe, he 8.4 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe a he 7 kenimika ke anawaena, mai ke kumu o ka Luakini ʻo Qingchan ma Xi'an, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki ʻeiwa o ke au o Kaihuang o ka Sui Dynasty (589 AD). He ʻehā mau mea hoʻonaninani poepoe e kū mai ana ma ka ʻōpū me ke anawaena o 2.5 kenimika, a he ʻehā mau mea hoʻonaninani huinakolu like ma ka poʻohiwi o ka ʻōmole. Hana ʻia kēia mau mea hoʻonaninani poepoe a me huinakolu ma ka wili ʻana ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka mea, no ka ʻenehana hana anu aniani. Hoʻohana pono ʻia kēia ʻōmole aniani no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea i koe.

Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua hale kiaʻi o ka Luakini ʻo Dayun ma Jingchuan, Gansu i ka makahiki mua o Yanzai (694 AD). Aia i loko o ka pahu pōhaku hoʻomanaʻo o ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua kahi pahu keleawe gula, kahi i loaʻa ai kahi pahu kupapaʻu kālā. Aia i loko o ka pahu kupapaʻu kālā kahi ʻōmole aniani keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi, aia i loko he 14 "mau mea hoʻomanaʻo". Kūlike loa kēia me ka moʻolelo ma ka "Kākau inoa ma ka Pahu Pōhaku Hoʻomanaʻo o ka Luakini ʻo Dayun ma Jingzhou": "A laila ua wehe ʻia kahi lumi piliki a loaʻa kahi pahu pōhaku. He 14 mau mea hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ka ʻōmole aniani.

ʻO ka Hōʻiliʻili o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Gansu o ka Pagoda Luakini ʻo Jingyuan Dayun a me nā mea i koe o ka Hale Aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua i nā ʻōmole aniani

Nā mea hana aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka lua o ka Luakini ʻo Famen ma Fufeng

Wahi a ka moʻolelo Buddhist, i mea e hoʻolaha maikaʻi ai i ka Buddhism, ua hōʻiliʻili ʻo King Ashoka i 84000 mau relics mai ka hōʻiliʻili a King Ashikaga i loko o 84000 mau ipu aniani, 84000 mau uhi waiwai, a me 84000 mau ʻāpana kala. Ua kauoha pū ʻo ia i nā ʻuhane a me nā akua e hana i 84000 mau pagoda Buddhist i ka pō a hoʻopaʻa i nā relics 84000 ma kahi kaʻawale. I kēlā manawa, he ʻekolu mau ʻano o ka Luakini ʻo Famen: ka luakini o ka hale aliʻi, ka luakini aupuni, a me ka luakini kaulana. He wahi kapu Buddhist ia i mahalo ʻia e ka ʻohana aliʻi Tang. Mai ka wā o Tang Zhenguan, ua mālama ʻia he ʻehiku mau hana e hoʻokipa a hoʻouna aku i nā iwi Buddhist. I ka makahiki 1987, ua hana hou ʻia ke relic manamana lima o Buddha o ka Luakini ʻo Famen, a ua ʻeli ʻia he 17 mau kīʻaha aniani, a ua manaʻo ʻia he mau mea hana i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka ʻohana aliʻi.

Nā ʻōmole aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai ka Liao Dynasty White Pagoda ma Jixian, Tianjin

I ka wā o nā moʻokūʻauhau Song a me Liao, ua hoʻoikaika nui nā aliʻi kūloko a me nā mōneka kaulana e hoʻopuni i nā kīʻaha aniani makamae i loko o nā pagoda a me nā luakini no ka hoʻomana ʻana i mea e ʻimi ai i ka pono. Ua ʻeli ʻia kahi ʻōmole aniani melemele māmā mai ka leka pōhaku Tiangong o Chaoyang North Pagoda ma ka Panalāʻau ʻo Liaoning, me ke kiʻekiʻe o 16 kenimika a me ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa e like me ka manu kūlou me ke anawaena ʻōpū puʻupuʻu o 8.5 kenimika. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka ʻāʻī o ka ʻōmole me ke kaula aniani polū, a ua hana ʻia hoʻi ke kī ma ka lima me ke aniani polū. Ua hoʻolako ʻia ka waha o ka ʻōmole me kahi pāpale ʻōmole makuahine a me ke keiki gula, a aia kekahi kīʻaha kaula aniani polū liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ʻōmole. He ʻano kū hoʻokahi ko kēia ʻōmole aniani a he paia aniani lahilahi a māmā hoʻi. He kīʻaha aniani Islam ia i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano puhi. Ma ke ʻano he ipu mōhai, ua hoʻopuni ʻia kēia mea makamae i loko o kahi pagoda Buddhist i ka wā o ke aupuni o Emepera Chongxi o ka Moʻokūʻauhau Liao.

Ua ʻeli ʻia kahi ʻōmole aniani o ka ʻAhahui Liao mai ka Hale Kiaʻi ʻĀkau ʻo Chaoyang ma ka Panalāʻau ʻo Liaoning

Ua kūkulu hou ʻia ke kahua o ka Luakini ʻo Jingzhi ma ke Kalana ʻo Ding, ka Panalāʻau ʻo Hebei i ka makahiki ʻelua o Taiping Xingguo i ka ʻĀina Song ʻĀkau (977 AD). ʻO nā mea i ʻeli ʻia, aia nā mea like ʻole i hōʻiliʻili ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia no nā mea i koe mai ka makahiki ʻelua o Xing'an i ka ʻĀina Wei ʻĀkau (453 AD), a hiki i ka makahiki ʻelua o Daye i ka ʻĀina Sui (606 AD), ka makahiki ʻumikūmālua o Dazhong i ka ʻĀina Tang (858 AD), a me ka makahiki ʻelua o Taiping Xingguo i ka ʻĀina Song (977 AD). I waena o lākou, aia he 37 mau kīʻaha aniani. Ua kūkulu ʻia ke kahua o ka Hale Kiaʻi ʻo Jingzhongyuan i ka makahiki mua o ke au o Zhidao o ka ʻĀina Song ʻĀkau (995 AD), a aia he 34 mau ʻāpana kīʻaha aniani i loko o ka pahu pōhaku o ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua. ʻO kēia mau ʻāpana kīʻaha aniani ka mea nui loa i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina kahiko. Aniani Kinamea kūʻai

Nā palapala ma nā mea aniani ma nā leka keleawe Sui a me ka pōhaku Tang mai ka Luakini ʻo Dingzhou Jingzhi

ʻO ka leka pōhaku o ka ʻAhahui Sui, ka leka keleawe gula, ka leka pōhaku i ʻano poʻi, ke kīʻaha gula a me ke kālā gula, ka hale kiaʻi gula a me ke kālā gula, a me ʻelua mau ʻōmole aniani me nā ʻāpana ʻōmaʻomaʻo a keʻokeʻo i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi lalo o ka Hale Pule ʻo Jingzhi e hana ana i kahi hoʻonohonoho o nā ipu relic i hui pū ʻia, e kūlike ana me ke kākau ʻana "i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i luna a i lalo, ʻehiku papa i loko a i waho" ma ka leka keleawe gula i ka lua o ka makahiki o Daye (606 AD). I ka makahiki 12 o Dazhong (858 AD) o ka ʻAhahui Tang, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka palapala pōhaku "Record of the Re cavern of the True Body in Jingzhi Temple in Dingzhou": "Aia ʻehiku waiwai i kāʻei ʻia a puni ka hale kiaʻi kālā i loko o ka leka gula, ʻelua mau ʻōmole aniani i loko, a ʻo nā ʻōmole ʻōmaʻomaʻo keʻokeʻo liʻiliʻi a me nā ʻōmole nui ʻelua e ulu nui ana." Hōʻike kēia i nā ʻōmole aniani koʻikoʻi ʻelua ma ka "ʻehiku papa i loko a i waho". A hiki i ka wā lohi, he huahana nō hoʻi ia o ka ʻAhahui Sui.

Nā kīʻaha paipu aniani pololei mai ka ʻAhahui Sui i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka pagoda Buddhist ma ka Luakini ʻo Dingzhou Jingzhi

Ma ka hopena o ka "Record of the True Body", ua kākau ʻia: "ʻO ka pagoda pōhaku liʻiliʻi ma ka pagoda i loaʻa mua ma ka Luakini ʻo Tianyou, me ʻelua mau mea hoʻomanaʻo a me ʻehā mau ʻōmole mālama: ke aniani, ke gula, ke kālā, a me ka lacquer, i waiho ʻia i loko o kahi leka kahiko ma luna o ka pagoda." ʻO ka ʻōmole aniani o loko loa he ʻōmole liʻiliʻi huinahā moakaka me kahi poʻi lotus, kahi i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pahu mālama no ka ʻōpala.

Nā ipu aniani o nā mea kahiko o ka ʻAhahui Sui i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka hale pule Buddhist o ka Luakini ʻo Jingzhi

Hiki i kekahi ʻōmole aniani ke lilo i huahana o ka Sui Dynasty. He uliuli lani kēia ʻōmole, he hapalua moakaka, me ka waha hanohano a me ka ʻōpū puʻupuʻu. He 9 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe, he 5.5 kenimika ke anawaena, a ʻo ka nui o ke anawaena o ka ʻōpū he 8 kenimika. E ʻōwili i kahi olonā aniani a puni ka poʻohiwi a hoʻopaʻa i nā wāwae.

ʻO ka poppy aniani mai ka Sui Dynasty i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka luakini ʻo Jingzhi Buddhist Pagoda

Ua kākau ʻo Xiao Liang lāua ʻo Shen Yue o ka ʻAhahui Hema "Ke hele nei nā nun Buddhist ma ka Luakini Buddhist ma ka ʻAhahui Qi Hema ma ke ala maopopo a nani": "Mai ke ao mai, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā Maitreya a me nā Bodhisattvas a pau. He gula lākou a pau, a aia kahi poppy aniani maopopo ma ko lākou mau lima..." He waiwai ka poppy aniani ma nā lima o ka Bodhisattva, ʻoiai ʻo ka poppy opium he ʻōmole me ka ʻōpū nui a me ka waha liʻiliʻi, ʻo ia ke ʻano kuʻuna Kina. ʻO nā mea i paʻa ʻia e ka Bodhisattva ma nā kiʻi paia ma ke Ana 225 o nā Ana Mogao o Dunhuang ua like ke ʻano me nā ʻōmole aniani o ka ʻAhahui Sui i ʻeli ʻia ma ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Jingzhi, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka poppy aniani maopopo ma ke ʻano he waiwai.

Nā poppies aniani i paʻa ʻia e nā bodhisattvas mural ma ke Ana 225 o nā Ana ʻo Mogao o Dunhuang

Aia kekahi Kīʻaha Aniani, ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻālohilohi hapa, me kahi lalo concave hanohano, ka mānoanoa o ka paia ma lalo o 0.15 kenimika, ke kiʻekiʻe o 9 kenimika, a me ke anawaena o 15 kenimika. ʻO ke kīʻaha aniani ʻano lotus i paʻa ʻia e ka Bodhisattva ma ke Ana 328 o nā Ana ʻo Mogao ua like ke ʻano.

ʻO ke kīʻaha aniani Lotus i paʻa ʻia e Bodhisattva ma ke Ana 328 o nā Ana ʻo Mogao

I ka wā o ka Song Dynasty, ʻo ka ʻōmole aniani me ka wai rose, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mea ʻala, he mea hana nui ia no nā mea hoʻomana Buddhist. ʻO nā ʻōmole aniani ʻāʻī lahilahi ʻekolu i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua ma ke kumu o ka hale kiaʻi o ke Kula ʻo Jingzhi, he mau ipu aniani ia no ka mālama ʻana i ka mea ʻala.

Ua ʻeli ʻia kahi ʻōmole aniani i kālai ʻia o ka Song Dynasty mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka hale pule Buddhist o ka luakini ʻo Jingzhi.

Ua ʻeli ʻia ma mua o kanahā mau ʻōmole ipu aniani a me nā ʻōmole ʻāʻī liʻiliʻi mai ke kahua o ʻelua mau hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua, me nā kala like ʻole e like me ka uliuli moakaka, ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo moakaka, ka melemele ʻeleʻele moakaka, ka ʻeleʻele moakaka, a me ka ʻeleʻele opaque. ʻO kēia mau ipu aniani a pau he huahana ia o ka Song Dynasty, e hōʻike ana ua ulu nui ka ʻoihana hana aniani kūloko ma ka Song Dynasties i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā Sui a me Tang Dynasties, a hiki ke hana i nā huahana aniani o nā kala like ʻole a me ka moakaka.
He ipu aniani mai ka Song Dynasty i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka luakini ʻo Jingzhi Buddhist Pagoda

Ma waho aʻe o nā momi aniani pono ʻole i loko o nā ipu Buddhist i ka wā o nā mōʻī Tang a me Song, ua hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau huaʻai a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia me ke aniani ma ke ʻano he hoʻokupu iā Buddha. ʻO nā ʻano kino moakaka a me nā manaʻo o ke aniani ua kūlike pū me nā aʻo. Aia he ʻeono mau "hua" aniani poepoe i ʻeli ʻia mai ka stupa ma Lintong, Shaanxi, i kapa ʻia ʻo "nā hua Sutuohan" ma ka huaʻōlelo Buddhist. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lākou i loko o ka stupa i ka wā i ʻeli ʻia ai; Loaʻa pinepine nā hua aniani, nā pā aniani, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i loko o nā hale kupapaʻu relic ma ke ʻano he mau mea kanu a i ʻole nā ​​​​​​makana.

Papa aniani polū me nā kiʻi i kālai ʻia i hūnā ʻia ma ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Famen

Ua ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Famen ʻeono mau papa aniani polū me nā kiʻi i kālai ʻia, a ua mālama maikaʻi ʻia nā kiʻi a pau a he nani loa ko lākou. Hana ʻia nā kiʻi i kālai ʻia ma luna o ke aniani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka maikaʻi ma mua o ke aniani ma hope o ka hana ʻia ʻana, no ka ʻenehana aniani hana anu.

He pā aniani gula uliuli i hoʻolālā ʻia me ke ʻano lau maple, me ke anawaena o 15.9, ke kiʻekiʻe o 2.1, ka hohonu o 1.8 kenimika, ke kaumaha he 132 grams. Waha pololei me nā lehelehe ʻoi, ʻōpū pāpaʻu me ka lalo pālahalaha, a me ke kikowaena puʻupuʻu iki. Polū hohonu, moakaka. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ke kikowaena o ke kīʻaha me nā ʻano lau maple a me ke gula, ʻoiai ua hoʻonani ʻia ka uhi waho me nā ʻale wai a me nā laina diagonal, a ua māhele ʻia e nā pōʻai concentric.

ʻO ke ʻano lau maple o ka hale aliʻi ʻo Famen Temple i pena ʻia i ka papa aniani polū gula

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia papa aniani gula i ke ʻano kālai aniani, e hoʻokūpaʻa ana i nā ʻano nui me ke gula e hoʻolilo i ka papa aniani nani i mea ʻoi aku ka nani. Wahi a nā moʻolelo o ka papa inoa o ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua, ʻo kēia mau papa aniani i kālai ʻia he mau mōhai na Emepera Xizong o Tang Dynasty a ua waiho ʻia ma ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua o Tibet i Ianuali o ka makahiki 15 o Xiantong (874 AD).

Ua ʻeli ʻia he 20 mau ipu aniani mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Famen, a hoʻokahi wale nō set o ʻelua mau kīʻaha kī aniani a me nā mea paʻa kī i hiki ke hana ʻia me nā ipu aniani kūloko.

Aia i loko o ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka Luakini ʻo Famen nā kīʻaha kī aniani a me nā pā kī

He melemele māmā ke kīʻaha kī aniani, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo iki, me ka moakaka maikaʻi, he anawaena o 12.7, he kiʻekiʻe o 5.2, he hohonu o ka ʻōpū o 4 kenimika, a he 117 gram ke kaumaha; Ua like ke kala o ka pā kī aniani me ke kīʻaha kī. He kākoʻo hohonu palahalaha kona lalo, me ke anawaena o ka disc he 13.7, he anawaena o ka wāwae he 4.5, a he 3.8 ke kiʻekiʻe holoʻokoʻa ke kaumaha he 138 gram, ʻo ia mau mea ʻelua i hana ʻia e ka puhi ʻana me ka ʻole o ka ʻōpala.

Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kīʻaha kī aniani a me ka pā kī

ʻO ke kākau ʻia ma ka "Hale Hālāwai" i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua e pili ana i kēia seti o nā mea paʻa kīʻaha aniani he "ʻelua kīʻaha kī aniani ʻo Tuozi", he hoʻokupu hoʻi ia mai ka Emepera Xizong o ka Mōʻī Tang.

I ka wā o nā moʻokūʻauhau aliʻi ʻo Song a me Liao, ʻaʻole i hoʻomalu ʻia ka ʻoihana hana aniani e ka ʻaha aliʻi, a ua ulu pū nā hale hana aniani pilikino. Ua lilo nā huahana aniani maikaʻi maʻamau i mea maʻamau, akā ua mahalo nui ʻia nā kīʻaha aniani i lawe ʻia mai me ka hana paʻakikī a me nā ʻano nani e ka honua. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kekahi mau waiwai i mau mōhai a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o nā hale aliʻi ma lalo o ka honua.

ʻO ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen o ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike ʻo Inner Mongolia me kahi kīʻaha aniani

I ka hiku o ka makahiki o Liao Kaitai ma Naiman Banner, Inner Mongolia (1018 AD), ua ʻeli ʻia ʻehiku mau kīʻaha aniani mai ka hale kupapaʻu hui o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen a me kāna kāne. ʻO kekahi o nā kīʻaha aniani piha me kahi lima he 11.4 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe, me ke anawaena o 9 a me ke anawaena o lalo he 5.4 kenimika. He ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele a moakāka hoʻi, me kahi papa i pala ma luna o ka ʻili. Ua pani iki ʻia ka waha, he ʻano cylindrical ke anawaena, ua puʻupuʻu nā poʻohiwi, ua huki ʻia ka ʻōpū me ka ʻoi, a ua pili nā wāwae apo wahaheʻe i kahi lima poepoe pālahalaha ma ka waha a me nā poʻohiwi. Aia kahi kīʻaha keke poepoe ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka lima, ʻo ia paha he kīʻaha aniani i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia 10 ma ka pāpū Iranian.

ʻŌmole aniani me ke ʻano kui waiū ma ka hale kupapaʻu o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen o ka Liao Dynasty

Aia kekahi ʻōmole aniani i hoʻihoʻi ʻia me nā ʻano nipple, he 17 kenimika ke kiʻekiʻe, me ka caliber o 6, ke anawaena o ka ʻōpū o 9.5, a me ke anawaena o lalo o 8.7 kenimika. He ʻole kona kala a moakaka, me ka ʻāʻī lōʻihi a me ka ʻōpū puʻupuʻu e like me ka funnel. He wāwae apo kiʻekiʻe kona i ke ʻano o ka pū a ua hoʻonani ʻia me ʻelima lālani o nā ʻano nipple liʻiliʻi ma ka paia o ka ʻōpū. ʻO ka mea kupanaha loa, ʻo ka lima o ka ʻōmole i hana ʻia me 10 mau papa o nā ʻāpana aniani hakahaka, e koi ana i nā mea hana aniani e hoʻomaopopo pono i ka manawa o ke aniani heheʻe wela e huli ana mai ka palupalu a i ka paʻakikī i ka wā e hoʻomaʻalili ai, a e hoʻopaʻa mālie iā ia me nā ʻenehana holomua e hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana paʻakikī. ʻO kēia ʻōmole aniani hoʻohālike kui waiū he huahana aniani paha mai ʻAigupita a i Suria paha.

Ma waena o nā kīʻaha aniani i ʻeli ʻia mai ka hale kupapaʻu o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen o ka Liao Dynasty, aia kahi papa aniani i kālai ʻia me ke anawaena o 25.5 cm, ke anawaena o lalo he 10 cm, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o 6.8 cm. He ʻano ʻole kona kala a moakaka, me kahi papa i pala ma luna o ka ʻili, kahi lehelehe poepoe hāmama, kahi apo ʻōpū piʻo, a me nā wāwae. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka paia o ka ʻōpū me 28 mau pyramid ʻehā liʻiliʻi i hoʻopili lima ʻia me ka huila wili. He ʻano nani kēia kīʻaha aniani i kālai ʻia a he hana lima maikaʻi loa. He huahana paha ia na ka Byzantine Empire i nā kenekulia 10 a me 11, a he waiwai aniani kū hoʻokahi ia ma ka honua e ola nei!

Papa aniani i kālai ʻia mai ka hale kupapaʻu o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen o ka Liao Dynasty

ʻO nā kīʻaha aniani i loko o ka hale kupapaʻu o ke Kamāliʻiwahine Chen o ka Liao Dynasty mai ka Emepaea Byzantine a me ke ao Islam mai, e hōʻike ana ua ʻoi aku ka kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o Liao a me ke Komohana ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo o ka poʻe maʻamau.

ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka lewa a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i lalo o ka honua no ka manawa lōʻihi hiki ke hopena maʻalahi i kahi papa mānoanoa o ka palaho ma luna o ka ʻili o nā mea aniani, e lilo ai ko lākou ʻano aniani. No laila, ʻo ke aniani kahiko i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā, ʻaʻole ia kona ʻano mua.

He kīʻaha aniani polū māmā me nā wāwae kiʻekiʻe mai ka hale kupapaʻu ʻo Liao ma ka mauna ʻo Tuerji, Mongolia Lookoa